HISTOIRE : Les Etats-Unis et le monde : l'hyperpuissance américaine et ses limites de 1991 à 2012

 The US and the world : American superpower and its limits (1991-2012) : foreign policy

 Notions

 Unilateralism / Multilateralism

 Superpower / Hyperpower

 Hard Power / Soft Power / Smart Power

 Free trade and capitalism

 Democracy

 Neoconservatism

 Enlargement (Clinton) / New World Ordrer

 Terrorism

 Decline

 

 

HISTOIRE : La Palestine enjeu de conflits depuis 1947

 Palestine since 1947 : at the center of tensions

 On s'arrête au traitement chronologique autour de 2011 en évitant les sujets d'actualité

 Notions :

 Middle East

 Mandate

 Zionism

 Islam

 Intifada

 Palestinian Authority

 Settlements

 Occupied Territories

 Refugees

 Status of Jerusalem

 Terrorism

 

GEOGRAPHIE : Etude de cas : un produit mondialisé

 A case study of a globalized product

 Notions

 Globalization

 Global cities

 Integration

 Process

 Flows

 Networks

 ICT (Information & Communication Technology)

 TNC (Transnational Company)

 FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)

 NIDL (New International Division of Labour)

 Relocation

 Triad

 Emerging countries / markets / economies

 Developing countries

 Least Developed Countries

 Territories

 Actors

 Criticism

 

 

What is the nature of the source ?
a chart, a graph un graphique, une courbe
a diagram un schéma
a chart, a table un tableau (statistique)
statistics des statistiques
a figure un chiffre, une donnée chiffrée
a survey une enquête, un sondage
an age pyramid une pyramide des âges
a flow-chart un organigramme
a pie chart un diagramme circulaire
a bar graph un diagramme en bâton
a compound bar graph un histogramme
a climate graph un diagramme ombro-thermique
a map une carte
a cartogram une carte en anamorphose
the key la légende (/ carte)
the scale l’échelle (idem)
a world map,a planisphere une carte du monde, un planisphère
a sketch un croquis, une esquisse
symbols / drawings figurés
graded shading / coloured areas figurés de surfaces
lines, flow lines figurés linéaires
dots figurés ponctuels
a title un titre
a headline un gros titre (presse)
heading / subheading / subtitle titre / sous-titre (sur un doc.)
a quotation une citation
an advertisement / advert/ ad une publicité
a poster une affiche
a picture / a painting une peinture, un tableau

a drawing un dessin
a cartoon / a caricature un dessin humoristique / une caricature
a speech balloon une bulle
a caption sous-titre, légende (pour un dessin)
a pun (on words) un jeu de mots
a comic strip une B.D.
a postcard une carte postale
a leaflet un prospectus
a banknote un billet de banque
a biography une biographie
a novel un roman
a diary un journal
a newspaper article un article de journal
a magazine article un article de revue
a play une pièce de théâtre
a work of art une oeuvre d’art
a photograph /photo une photographie
a high angle shot / from above une photo en plongée
a low angle shot une photo en contre-plongée
a news photograph une photo d’actualité
a celebrity picture une photo de célébrité

Who is the author ? When was the source produced ? Is there a title ? What is the
origin of the source?
This is a painting / a text by …, written in …. It is called …
This photograph is extracted / taken … from a newspaper / a film… entitled…
The photographer / painter / cartoonist is called / named …

Expressing consequence
Niveau seconde :
So, then, as a result, as a consequence, consequently
that’s why, that is the reason why + Sujet +Verbe
the reason why / the reason for
with far-reaching consequences (aux conséquences énormes)
it follows from this that
which means (ce qui implique, signifie)
Niveau première :
thus, therefore, accordingly
to result in … (avoir pour résultat, csq de …)
hence (d’où …, de là …)
to involve (impliquer)

Expressing cause
Niveau seconde :
because, as, since
for (car)
because of
to cause, to provoke
Niveau première :
due to, owing to, thanks to + GN
all the more so as
to bring about, to entail (causer, provoquer, entraîner)
to trigger off (déclencher)

Expressing possibility or condition
Niveau seconde :

to enable sb to do stg, to permit, to allow, to let
supposing that
if
Niveau première :
provided/providing, as long as + noun + verb in case (au cas où) suppose/supposing
(à supposer que) on condition that (à condition que) so long as / as long as (à
condition que)

Expressing comparison
Niveau seconde :
superiority, inferiority, equality : more … than ; less … than ; as… as…
as much … as, as many … as
By comparison, …
In comparison with …
Compared with …
To compare, to draw a comparison, to make a comparison
To contrast with …
In contrast with …
Different from …
Some irregular forms :
Good, better, the best
Bad, worse, the worst

Niveau première :
Expressions such as : twice as much as, three times bigger than
Fewer, less
Discrepancy (désaccord, divergence, contradiction)
Identical, similar

Expressing aim, desire
Niveau seconde :
(In order) to # (in order) not to + BV
so as to # so as not to + BV
for + GN + (not) + to + BV
so that + GN + may / might / could + BV
to intend to BV
to be determined to # to be reluctant to

Niveau première :
Aim : to aim at BV+ing
to plan sthg / to BV

Expressing desire or motivation
I would like / love (sb) to +BV
I feel like + ing
I wish you’d + BV
If only I / you + preterit modal
I wish I / you + preterit modal
I would appreciate if …
She is looking forward to + ing
I dream of + GN / +ing
I hope to + BV
I’m dying for + GN / to + BV

Expressing advice
Advice : Sujet + HAD BETTER + BV
Advice : Sujet + SHOULD + (NOT) + BV
what about / how about + BV-ing stg ? (pourquoi ne pas faire ceci ?)
to advise sb (not) to BV stg
to suggest (I suggest you work harder / you should work harder)

Expressing agreement / disagreement
Niveau seconde :
to agree with # to disagree with
questionable (contestable)
it is wrong to say that / it is true to say that
I don’t share her opinion
He seems to miss the point
To blame sb for BV + ing stg, to reproach sb with BV + ing stg, to accuse sb of BV +ing stg
Niveau première :
to take sides (with sb on/in a matter) (prendre parti avec qn sur une question)
to raise objections (soulever des objections)
to refute a claim (réfuter un argument)
to approve of / to disapprove of / I strongly disapprove of his attitude
Sujet + SHOULD + NOT + have + pp

Expressing habit
Niveau seconde :
would + BV
Niveau première :
to be used to + BV - ing

Expressing probability
Niveau seconde :

Using modal verbs (from high probability or certainty to low probability):
Must/can (that must be true / it can’t be true); should; may / could; might
Using other verbs :
to be sure to
Using adverbs:
Perhaps, maybe, probably
Surely, certainly, for sure
Niveau première :
to be likely to vs. to be unlikely (être probable # être improbable)
to be bound to
to ought to

Expressing paradox, opposition or contrast
Niveau seconde :
in spite of + GN, despite + GN
however, yet
though ~ although + subject + verb (bien que)
On the one hand …, on the other hand …
On the contrary
While, whereas (+ noun + verb)
Niveau première :
Still, yet (cependant, toutefois)
conversely
Even though, even if (même si)
Conversely (en revanche, réciproquement)
In any case
Unlike +GN, contrary to + GN, by contrast (contrairement à)

Expressing quantity
Niveau seconde :
Some – a certain quantity
A lot of – a large quantity
Most – the major part
Few – a small quantity
Many – a large number of
Several – more than a few
most people / the (vast) majority of people
! little et much renvoient à des indénombrables ! few et many à ce que l’on peut
compter !

Expressing arguments (pros and cons)
Niveau seconde :
On the one hand …, on the other hand …
First, … / First of all, … / First and foremost, …./ To begin with, …
Secondly, … / Then, …
Lastly, … / Finally, … / Eventually, …
In addition to that, … / On top of that, …

Summing up one’s ideas and concluding :
To conclude, …/ To sum up …
Giving one’s personal opinion : As far as I am concerned …
According (to the author)
Niveau première :
Besides, … / Moreover, … / What is more, … / Furthermore, …
All things considered … /All in all … / Finally … / On the whole … / In a word …
Similarly, … / Likewise, …
To my mind, …/ Personally … / In my opinion …
To buttress an argument (étayer un argument)
To question an argument (remettre en cause un argument)
Unfounded ~ groundless (sans fondement)
Convincing ~ forceful (concaincant, puissant, efficace)
Misleading (trompeur, fallacieux)
Debatable , questionable, arguable # undisputable, unquestionable (discutable #
indiscutable)
to weigh the pros and cons (peser le pour et le contre)

Expressing conviction
Niveau seconde :
One thing is sure / certain
It is clear / it is obvious that … (Il est certain, évident, que …)
No doubt that …
Beyond any doubt …(sans le moindre doute, en toute certitude, …)
No wonder that … (pas surprenant que …)
It is a fact that …
Niveau première :
Needless to say that …(Inutile de dire que …)
It goes without saying that …(Cela va sans dire que …)
There is no denying that / it is undeniable that … (Il est indéniable que …)
The Prime minister’s arguments don’t carry much weight / are not very convincing

Expressing obligation
Niveau seconde :
To have + infinitive complet
To be obliged to / to be compelled to (être obligé de, être contraint à , être forcé à)
To be necessary / to be imperative / essential / capital
Niveau première :
To be + infinitive complet (you are to work tomorrow – tu dois travailler demain)
You’re supposed to … (tu es censé …)

Expressing coercion / pressure
Niveau seconde :
To order, to request, to command, to ask (ordonner, demander, commander)
to expect sthg from sb, to invite, to want (attendre qch de qn, inviter, demander)
to forbid + proposition infinitive (interdire)
To have + infinitif (devoir, être dans l’obligation de)

(attention : “to be + infinitif” signifie devoir, au sens d’avoir prévu de faire qch, d’avoir
projeté)

Expressing uncertainty
Niveau seconde :
It would seem that …
The figure might / may …
This could explain …
It is difficult to believe that …
One might justifiably suppose that …
This argument leads one to believe that …
One may suppose that …
Niveau première :
Indisputably
Undeniably
Undoubtedly
It remains to be seen whether …
The least one can say is that …

Expressing permission / prohibition
Niveau seconde :
You can
It is all right if … it is OK if …
To be allowed to / be permitted to / be entitled to / have a right to (+verb)
to be forbidden to (+verb)
She allowed me to … / she let me …
Niveau première :
To be prohibited to / To ban sb from doing sthg
Do you mind if … ? (cela vous ennuie si … ?)
To be to… Germany was to limit its armament after WWI
You may smoke on the premises
To grant sb the right to do sthg

 

Expressing a period
• In the 19th century / in the early / late 19th century : Au 19ème / au début du / à la fin du
19ème siècle.
• Early in the century : au début du siècle
• At the end of the millenium : à la fin du millénaire
• In the 1930s : Dans les années 30
• During the 20s : Pendant les années 20.
• From the 20s to the 40s : des années 20 aux années 40
• Towards the beginning/ the end of : vers le début/ la fin
• In the middle of the century : au milieu du siècle.
• The war lasted for 6 years : la guerre a duré 6 ans.
• Since the beginning of the civil war: depuis le début de la guerre civile.
• Until the arrival of the Romans : avant l’arrivée des Romains.

Expressing a date
• Around/About 1910/circa (ca.) 1910 : vers 1910
• By 1914, the French and the British had come together
• In 1914, the war began

How to state a point of view
Expressing an opinion (one’s opinion or the opinion of an author)
In my view…
In my opinion…
As for me…
I share the opinion that…
Personally, I would tend to think that…
I would like to state that…
What we have to realize is…
I’m convinced that…
In other words…
The author claims that… / makes the
assertion that…
The author’s thesis is that …
I agree/disagree with…
I admit that…
I object to…
I think this is true/absurd…
I think it is
biased/unbiased/objective/subjective…
According to…
As far as I know,
It is obvious that…
The author points out that …
emphasizes / pinpoints / highlights /
stresses …

Different kinds of maps :
A globe : un globe
A world map / planisphere/ an atlas map: un planisphère
A physical map : une carte physique
An Ordnance Survey map (OS map – Britain’s national mapping agency) : une carte
« d’état-major » (l’équivalent français serait une carte IGN, et l’équivalent aux Etats-Unis
le programme National Map de l’USGS – US Geological Survey, qui édite des cartes
topographiques) = a topographic or location map
A cartogram / an anamorphosis map: carte par anamorphose : shapes, distance and size
are distorted according to the phenomenon the map shows
A sketch map : un croquis
A dot map : une carte de répartition par points ≠ A shade map
A flow map : une carte des flux
A blank map : un fond de carte
A historical map/ political map/ geographical map/ topographic map /thematic map…

Describe the map
Some useful expressions to locate elements on the map
The location: la localisation
The situation/ the site
North/East/West/South of…
In the north-east/ in the center of…/ In the northern part of…
Northward/ Southward…: vers le Nord, le Sud…
Outside Africa; Large part of America…
Near Hiroshima, next to Tokyo…
Along the coastline: le long de la côte / off the shore : au large des côtes
By the sea : au bord de la mer
Littoralisation/coastal attraction : maritimisation (des activités humaines)
A seabord : une façade maritime - a coastal interface : une interface maritime
A waterfront site : un site en front de mer

Some useful expressions to describe some phenomena
The map shows…
On a local/ national/ regional / global scale, we can see
On the continent/ On the island/ On the coast / Off the coast
Inland : à l’intérieur des terres
We learn that this land/region/country is inhabited by / populated by
Population distribution : répartition de la population
The arrows show that major/ minor flows come and go from…to…
A hub: un pôle
A spoke: un axe
A cluster: un ensemble, un rassemblement
A population cluster : un foyer de peuplement
A major population area / a secondary population area : un foyer de peuplement
principal / secondaire
A ring: un cercle
Borders/ Boundaries/frontiers

The key (la légende)
Maps use special signs or symbol to represent location and to give information
Areas / graded shading
Coloured area : plage de couleur
Striped area : zone hachurée
Dotted area: zone en pointillés
Lines
Flow line : flux
Arrow: flèche
Dotted line: ligne en pointillés / a broken line / a solid line / a curve
Contour lines: courbe de niveau
Boundary line : limite, frontière…
Drawings or symbols (figurés)
Hachure / hatching : hachure
Stripe: rayure
Hierarchy
To be organized into a hierarchy: être hiérarchisé
A graded shading / colour gradiation: Un dégradé, un gradient de couleurs
Proportional drawings : dessins (représentations) proportionnels
To be proportional to.. : être proportionnel à…

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Frequently made mistakes

- L’article défini ne peut pas s’ajouter à un nom déjà défini; ainsi, on dira : Prime Minister Tony Blair, Source 2, King George V, President Roosevelt, …
-  L’usage des prépositions et des verbes prépositionnels est à apprendre pour éviter des fautes lourdes. Ainsi, on veillera à dire : the reason for …, to be responsible for …,
to depend on …
-  Pour traduire « toujours »/ « encore » : always renvoie à quelque chose de constant, still à quelque chose qui dure encore, again à quelque chose qui se répète
- Les adjectifs de nationalité prennent une majuscule : the English population, the Japanese army, …
-  Les adjectifs numéraux, comme tous les adjectifs, ne portent pas la marque du pluriel : 5 million people were demonstrating
- L’historien français parle de documents; l’anglais de « sources »
- Un texte ne « parle » pas : it deals with…, it is about…, the main topic of the text is …
-  Revoyez avec votre professeur d’anglais la construction des propositions infinitives : Hitler wanted Great Britain to surrender; Churchill wanted the British people not to
lose hope
- Attention à la concordance des temps dans un énoncé d’histoire. Mind the sequence of tenses ! A history text generally requires the use of the preterit, and if necessary
other tenses for the subordinates clauses.
- Exprimer une date :
In 1914, World War one started.
In March 1933, President Roosevelt launched the New Deal.
On 6 August 1945, the USA dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Japan).